Demand and Supply Functions: Demand and supply functions are used to describe the behavior of buyers and sellers in a market. These functions each show how quantity demanded or supplied varies with prices. The demand function shows the relationship between price and quantity demanded while the supply function details the inverse relationship between price and quantity supplied. As prices increase, quantity demanded decreases (demand decreases) while as prices decrease, quantity supplied increases (supply increases). Demand is typically represented by a downward-sloping curve, called a demand curve; supply is usually represented by an upward sloping curve known as a supply curve.

Algebra: Algebra is one branch of mathematics that analyzes relationships between two or more variables using equations, graphs, tables, and other mathematical tools. Algebraic models can be used to predict future values of variables based on current information about their relationships. It also helps in manipulating equations to solve for unknowns such as when looking at linear functions for economic analysis purposes where it aids in predicting output from input data given certain conditions.

Calculus: Calculus is another branch of mathematics which studies rates of change between two related variables over time using derivatives or integrals within its framework. Calculus has many applications including economics where it can be used to determine optimal points such as maximizing profit or minimizing costs given certain constraints placed upon them through functional models by taking into consideration marginal changes within each model’s overall framework. Another application involves analyzing production possibilities curves where calculus allows us to measure tradeoffs between outputs when allocating resources among different competing sectors in an economy over time so that appropriate measures can be taken when allocating resources towards specific activities that yield the greatest benefit across society based off total utility maximization principles woven within this framework analysis equationally wise too for example using joint profit/cost maxima optimization goals mathematically speaking .

Linear Functions: A linear function describes any straight line drawn on a graph which shows how one variable affects another while they remain directly proportional throughout their entire range values-wise either positively or negatively correlated depending upon specifics involved just like with demand/supply curves mentioned earlier being curved but still representing same basic ideas around these ones being linear instead however so yes nothing special here besides noting similarities & differences too accordingly when examining both closely enough especially important when discussing comparative advantage matters.

Functional Models: Functional models are mathematical expressions describing relationships among multiple variables over time by employing various forms of algebraic equations along with derivative calculus techniques such as partial substitution method utilized most commonly nowadays though there may exist some exceptions out there perhaps even involving complex fractional exponents utilized sometimes due mainly toward explanations involving probability distributions topics discussed elsewhere.

Derivatives: Derivatives are basically higher order derivatives employed which provide greater insight into rate change dynamics involved since they account for second order effects unlike first orders do not possess ability do aside from measuring initial shifts only relatively speaking anyways thus allowing better understanding these phenomena arguably compared otherwise would have occurred without knowledge gained from calculations would have missed other wise according extrapolations beyond what first order results explain alone quite handily too moreover thereby.